Kultur- og likestillingsminister Abid Raja

Svenneprøven

Til våren kommer stortingsmeldingen om utviklingshemmedes rettigheter. Skal meldingen bidra til å snu utviklingen, så kreves en statsråd med et sterkt departement og stor innflytelse på andre departement.

Allerede i 2002 dokumenterte forskerne Tøssebro og Lundeby at situasjonen for mennesker med utviklingshemning var i ferd med å komme i konflikt med målsetningene på feltet. Etter den tid, har rapportene om utvikling stikk i strid med nasjonale politiske målsetninger, vært mange. Politiske vedtak og løfter om å endre situasjonen, har vært flere. Men etter 18 år, har vi erfart velvilje, innpakket i tomme ord og symbolpolitikk.

Boligpolitikken er kjernen

Boligpolitikken er svært sentral. Hjemmet er det stedet en tilbringer størstedelen av livet. Tjenestene blir ofte organisert ut i fra hjemmet, spesielt for det store flertallet som bor i bofellesskap. Kommunene har ansvar for tjenestene. Mennesker med utviklingshemning har trygdeytelsen "Unge ufør" og er økonomisk støtte for å kunne etablere seg. Husbanken har gode støtteordninger, men alle forutsetter kommunal velvilje. I kommunen kan det være mangel både på innsikt og velvilje.

Kommunenes fokus er i liten grad på selvbestemmelse og likestilling. Ivrige konsulenter forteller kommunene hvor mye de skal spare på å bygge stort, dette til tross for at det aldri er dokumentert noen stordriftsfordeler. Kommunepolitikerne sluker ukritisk tankene om stordriftsfordeler. Få er klar over at stordriftsfordelene det snakkes om består i å ikke gi individuelle tjenester. Det at utviklingshemmedes selvbestemmelse blir ignorert, vektlegges ikke. I motsetning til alle andre grupper, så er det kommunen som bestemmer hvor, hvordan og med hvem mennesker med utviklingshemning skal bo sammen med.

Svak kontroll uten konsekvenser

Fylkesmannen fører tilsyn med tjenestene til mennesker med utviklingshemning, men frekvensen av tilsyn er såpass lav at det ikke er hvert århundre at en kan forvente tilsyn med et bofellesskap. Selv om tilsyn er kjærkomment, så er tilsynene svært overfladiske og langt i fra noen granskende kontroll. I all hovedsak er tilsynet skriftlig saksbehandling som suppleres med intervju. De få nasjonale tilsynene det har vært på feltet, viser alle lovbrudd i det store flertallet av tilsynene. Ikke noe indikerer at forholdene er blitt bedre med tiden. Statens helsetilsyn har det overordnede ansvaret for tilsynene. I oppsummeringsrapporten fra det nasjonale tilsynet med tjenestene til mennesker med utviklingshemning i 2016, legger Statens helsetdirektoratet byråkratspråket til side og stiller i klare ordelag spørsmål om styringssystemet i det hele tatt fungerer:

"De alvorlige forholdene som dette tilsynet har avdekket gir grunn til å stille spørsmål om dagens rammer og ressurser for kommunenes tjenestetilbud er tilstrekkelige til å sikre gode og trygge tjenester til alle brukerne. Har kommunene nødvendige forutsetninger for å etablere og drifte forsvarlige tilbud – også til brukere med store og komplekse tjenestebehov? Gir staten tydelige nok krav, føringer og faglig støtte til kommunenes oppgaveløsning? Prioriterer spesialisthelsetjenesten bistanden til kommunene høyt nok?"

For dem med en viss oversikt med feltet, er det lett å svare at styringssystemet ikke fungerer. Systemene blir heller ikke bedre så lenge statlige myndigheter ikke tar grep som sikrer de nødvendige forutsetningene for gode tjenester. En må konstatere at den politiske ledelsen i kommunene ikke kjenner feltet de de er satt til å styre. Det gjør en på dette feltet som på alle andre felt: En etablerer et sterkere lovverk, øknomiske incentiver og kontroll. Det er velkjent at styrere som ikke kjenner feltet de skal styre, ikke bør styre fritt.

Kommunene kan fungere dårlig, men staten trenger ikke være bedre

Når statlige myndighetene ikke har kommet med effektive virkemidler på 18 år, så viser det manglende fokus, handlingslammelse og uvilje til styring.

Arbeidsmarkedspolitikken, trygdesystemet, vergemålsordningen og skolelovgivningen er et statlig ansvar. Heller ikke på disse områdene har utviklingen vært i samsvar med målsetningene. I st.meld. 47 (1989-90) ble det lovet at arbeidstilbudet skulle bygges opp etterhvert. I dag er andelen utviklingshemmede i jobb, omtrent som i 1990.

Vergemålsloven kom i fokus med VGs avsløringer i Tolgasaken og Riksrevisjonens rapport med vergemålsreformen. Lite har skjedd siden dengang.

De statlige spesialskolene ble nedlagt i 1992. Fra 1975 fikk vi en skole som skulle ha rom for alle. I dag er segregeringen større enn noen gang. Elever med utviklingshemning er oftest uteglemt fra inkluderingsdebatten. Da en fikk fokus på betydningen av en inkluderende skole, så var fokuset på kjønn, blinde, døve og utviklingshemmede. I dag dreier inkluderingsdebatten seg om nye landsmenn, elever med spesifikke lærevansker og utjevning av sosial ulikhet. Elever med utviklingshemning er uteglemt.

I kjølvannet av trygdereformen falt mennesker med utviklingshemning ut av bostøtteordningen, rettshjelpsordningen og et hav med beskyttende ordninger og grenser for egenandeler. Ingen vet hvor store alle disse belastningene ble eller hvor mange som ble rammet. Men mange havnet i fattigdom.

Forventninger til stortingsmeldingen

Makter kultur- og inkluderingsminister Abid Raja å gjøre en god jobb, så vil den kommende stortingsmeldingen vise en vei som kan sikre en utvikling i samsvar med nasjonale politiske målsetninger og internasjonale forpliktelser. Vi vet at informasjonstiltak og veiledere på langt nær er nok. Det kreves effektive virkemidler som lovendringer, budsjett, effektive kontroll- og rapporteringer.

Kort tid etter nedstengningen av landet kom regjeringen med de økonomiske krisepakkene for å dempe de økonomiske konsekvensene av smittevernstiltakene. Kontrollen med tiltakene startet umiddelbart. Mennesker med utviklingshemning har ventet minst siden 2002 på tiltak som sikrer at livssituasjonen kommer i samsvar med målsetningene.

Jens Petter Giltesen

3 januar 2021

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