Forskning

Forskning, diagnostikk og annen humbug

Tolgasaken har reist spørsmål om diagnostikk av mennesker med utviklingshemming. Det er all grunn til å tro at både forskningen og diagnostikken på feltet er av ytterst varierende kvalitet.

Mye rar diagnostikk

Det vakte oppmerksomhet da TV2 brakte nyheten om jenta med utviklingshemming som fikk karakteren fem i norsk muntlig på videregående skole. Forholdet ble blant annet forklart med at testen WISC III var tilpasset svenske forhold og ikke norske. Forklaringen kan ha noe for seg, men det er påfallende at den samme testen også systematisk syntes å underestimere IQ blant engelske ungdommer. I tillegg sto testen i liten grad i forhold til resultater fra andre velrenomerte tester.

Det finnes neppe 1000 innsatte med utviklingshemming

Erik Søndenaa har gjort karriere på å avdekke mørketall. Gjentatte ganger har forskeren hevdet at 1000 innsatte i norske fengsler har en utviklingshemmet.

Søndenaa foretok en quick-test av 143 innsatte med hjelp av screeninginstrumentet HASI og korttesten WASI. Screeninginstrumentet HASI estimerte IQ til 14 av de innsatte til å være under 70. Men HASI skal gi svært mange falske positive, dvs. diagnostisering av IQ under 70 til personer som i virkeligheten har en høyere IQ. Fra produsentens nettsider kan en lese: "Correctly screens for intellectual disability in 82% of cases and correctly excludes non-disabled clients in 72% of cases". Hvis ingen av de 143 innsatte hadde IQ under 70, så skulle en altså forventet at 40 av dem fikk en HASI-skåre på under 70. Ut i fra produsentens opplysninger og Søndenaas testresultater, så kan det være at ingen av de 143 innsatte hadde utviklingshemming.

Men Søndenaa testet de samme 143 innsatte med hurtigtesten WASI, en forenklet variant av WAIS III med standard error of mesurment på rundt 4,6. WASI ga 15 av de innsatte en estimert IQ på under 70. I 95 prosent av tilfellene vil en person ha en sann IQ i intervallet målt IQ ± 9 IQ-poeng. Rundt punktet 70 er normalfordelingen slik at dobbelt så mange har en IQ intervallet 70 til 75 enn i intervallet 65 til 70. En person med en sann IQ på 75 kan forventes å få testresultat med WASI på under 70 i 13 prosent av tilfellene.

Ti av de 143, dvs.  undersøkte personene, dvs. 6,9 prosent av utvalget, fikk en estimert IQ på under 70 både med HASI og WASI. Men to upresise tester godt kan være upresise samtidig. Det er vanskelig å se Søndenaas belegg for at 1000 innsatte har en utviklingshemming.

Utfordringer med IQ-tester og diagnostikk

Selv de beste IQ-testene vil ha problemer med å identifisere personer med utviklingshemming blant dem som har IQ i gråsonen 65 til 75. Gråsonen er dominerende. Sjansen for at testen feilaktig skal vise at en person har IQ under 70 er dobbelt så stor som sjansen for at testen feilaktig skal vise at en person har over 70 i IQ.

IQ-tester kan være en god hjelp i diagnostisering, men testene må kun benyttes som et hjelpemiddel. Diagnosen psykisk utviklingshemming krever at tilstanden skal ha intruffet før fylte 18 år. I tillegg må en grundig sjekke hvordan personen mestrer dagliglivet. Hvis personen greier seg rimelig bra uten bistand, så er det liten grunn til å vektlegge en IQ-skåre selv om den er under 70.

Det henvises ofte til store mørketall. Det som kjennetegner mørketallene er først og fremst at de er ukjente og dermed en svært dårlig referanse.

Jens Petter Gitlesen

29 oktober 2018

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  • 2018-11-04 Ingen ting er lært av tidligere tiders skandaløse IQ tester som viste seg å være rasistiske tvers igjennom ved at de bygde på amerikansk hvit middelklasse kultur. Men i dag slår iveren etter å sortere på den vage størrelsen intelligens, ned på andre grupper i befolkningen. De kulturelle slagsidene er selvsagt til stede i dag også, og unndrar seg intelligensiaens sylskarpe blikk på samme måte som da testene var rasistiske. Dagens jakt på "de uintelligente" legitimeres med kriterier for å gi tilbud og tjenester. Og da forstummer kritikken også fra de kanter som hevder at de har kompetanse på denne "presise" størrelsen intelligens. At de samme utvalgte også kan umyndiggjøres og utsettes for tvang, bekymrer visst ikke forskerne. I motsetning til erkjennelsen av rasistisk baserte IQ tester, ser det ikke ut til at noen fagfolk er intelligente nok til å gjenkjenne egne fordomsfulle standarder som ligger til grunn for dagens IQ tester; det vi vil kalle disablist baserte tester. Kritikere av testene når ikke frem og det kan best forstås ut fra hvilken status funksjonshemmede har. Berit Vegheim, Stopp Diskrimineringen
  • 2018-11-02 Ingen ting er lært av tidligere tiders skandaløse IQ tester som viste seg å være rasistiske tvers igjennom ved at de bygde på amerikansk hvit middelklasse kultur. Men i dag slår iveren etter å sortere på den vage størrelsen intelligens, ned på andre grupper i befolkningen. De kulturelle slagsidene er selvsagt til stede i dag også, og unndrar seg intelligensiaens sylskarpe blikk på samme måte som da testene var rasistiske. Dagens jakt på "de uintelligente" legitimeres med kriterier for å gi tilbud og tjenester. Og da forstummer kritikken også fra de kanter som hevder at de har kompetanse på denne "presise" størrelsen intelligens. At de samme utvalgte også kan umyndiggjøres og utsettes for tvang, bekymrer visst ikke forskerne. I motsetning til erkjennelsen av rasistisk baserte IQ tester, ser det ikke ut til at noen fagfolk er intelligente nok til å gjenkjenne egne fordomsfulle standarder som ligger til grunn for dagens IQ tester; det vi vil kalle disablist baserte tester. Kritikere av testene når ikke frem og det kan best forstås ut fra hvilken status funksjonshemmede har. Berit Vegheim, Stopp Diskrimineringen

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